global _start section .rodata src: db 103, 108, 111, 98, 97, 108, 32, 95, 115, 116, 97, 114, 116, 10, 10, 115, 101, 99, 116, 105, 111, 110, 32, 46, 114, 111, 100, 97, 116, 97, 10, 115, 114, 99, 58, 32, 100, 98, 32, 126, 10, 115, 114, 99, 95, 108, 101, 110, 58, 32, 101, 113, 117, 32, 36, 32, 45, 32, 115, 114, 99, 10, 115, 101, 112, 58, 32, 100, 98, 32, 34, 44, 32, 34, 10, 122, 101, 114, 111, 95, 115, 116, 114, 58, 32, 100, 98, 32, 34, 48, 34, 10, 10, 115, 101, 99, 116, 105, 111, 110, 32, 46, 116, 101, 120, 116, 10, 10, 59, 118, 111, 105, 100, 9, 112, 117, 116, 110, 117, 109, 98, 101, 114, 40, 117, 105, 110, 116, 56, 95, 116, 32, 110, 41, 10, 59, 123, 10, 59, 9, 99, 104, 97, 114, 9, 98, 117, 102, 102, 101, 114, 91, 51, 93, 59, 10, 59, 9, 105, 110, 116, 9, 9, 108, 101, 110, 59, 10, 59, 9, 105, 110, 116, 9, 9, 105, 59, 10, 59, 10, 59, 9, 105, 102, 32, 40, 110, 32, 61, 61, 32, 48, 41, 10, 59, 9, 123, 10, 59, 9, 9, 119, 114, 105, 116, 101, 40, 49, 44, 32, 34, 48, 34, 44, 32, 49, 41, 59, 10, 59, 9, 9, 114, 101, 116, 117, 114, 110, 32, 59, 10, 59, 9, 125, 10, 59, 9, 108, 101, 110, 32, 61, 32, 48, 59, 10, 59, 9, 119, 104, 105, 108, 101, 32, 40, 110, 32, 62, 32, 48, 41, 10, 59, 9, 123, 10, 59, 9, 9, 98, 117, 102, 102, 101, 114, 91, 108, 101, 110, 93, 32, 61, 32, 40, 110, 32, 37, 32, 49, 48, 41, 59, 10, 9, 9, 59, 98, 117, 102, 102, 101, 114, 91, 108, 101, 110, 93, 32, 43, 61, 32, 39, 48, 39, 10, 59, 9, 9, 110, 32, 47, 61, 32, 49, 48, 59, 10, 59, 9, 9, 108, 101, 110, 43, 43, 59, 10, 59, 9, 125, 10, 59, 9, 105, 32, 61, 32, 108, 101, 110, 32, 45, 32, 49, 59, 10, 59, 9, 119, 114, 105, 116, 101, 40, 49, 44, 32, 38, 98, 117, 102, 102, 101, 114, 91, 105, 93, 44, 32, 108, 101, 110, 41, 59, 10, 112, 114, 105, 110, 116, 95, 110, 117, 109, 98, 101, 114, 58, 10, 9, 112, 117, 115, 104, 32, 114, 98, 112, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 98, 112, 44, 32, 114, 115, 112, 10, 9, 115, 117, 98, 32, 114, 115, 112, 44, 32, 49, 54, 10, 9, 59, 32, 97, 108, 9, 9, 9, 61, 32, 110, 32, 40, 105, 110, 112, 117, 116, 44, 32, 117, 105, 110, 116, 56, 95, 116, 41, 10, 9, 59, 32, 91, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 52, 93, 9, 9, 61, 32, 108, 101, 110, 32, 40, 100, 119, 111, 114, 100, 41, 10, 9, 59, 32, 91, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 56, 93, 9, 9, 61, 32, 98, 117, 102, 102, 101, 114, 91, 48, 93, 32, 117, 110, 105, 116, 115, 32, 100, 105, 103, 105, 116, 32, 40, 115, 116, 111, 114, 101, 100, 32, 102, 105, 114, 115, 116, 41, 10, 9, 59, 32, 91, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 57, 93, 9, 9, 61, 32, 98, 117, 102, 102, 101, 114, 91, 49, 93, 32, 116, 101, 110, 115, 32, 100, 105, 103, 105, 116, 10, 9, 59, 32, 91, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 49, 48, 93, 9, 61, 32, 98, 117, 102, 102, 101, 114, 91, 50, 93, 32, 104, 117, 110, 100, 114, 101, 100, 115, 32, 100, 105, 103, 105, 116, 10, 10, 9, 99, 109, 112, 32, 97, 108, 44, 32, 48, 10, 9, 106, 110, 101, 32, 46, 101, 95, 119, 114, 105, 116, 101, 95, 48, 10, 9, 59, 32, 110, 32, 61, 61, 32, 48, 32, 58, 32, 119, 114, 105, 116, 101, 32, 34, 48, 34, 32, 97, 110, 100, 32, 114, 101, 116, 117, 114, 110, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 101, 97, 120, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 100, 105, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 108, 101, 97, 32, 114, 115, 105, 44, 32, 91, 114, 101, 108, 32, 122, 101, 114, 111, 95, 115, 116, 114, 93, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 100, 120, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 115, 121, 115, 99, 97, 108, 108, 10, 9, 106, 109, 112, 32, 46, 101, 110, 100, 10, 9, 46, 101, 95, 119, 114, 105, 116, 101, 95, 48, 58, 10, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 100, 119, 111, 114, 100, 32, 91, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 52, 93, 44, 32, 48, 32, 59, 32, 108, 101, 110, 32, 61, 32, 48, 10, 9, 46, 108, 111, 111, 112, 58, 10, 9, 99, 109, 112, 32, 97, 108, 44, 32, 48, 10, 9, 106, 122, 32, 46, 100, 111, 110, 101, 32, 59, 32, 98, 114, 101, 97, 107, 32, 105, 102, 32, 97, 108, 32, 61, 61, 32, 49, 10, 10, 9, 59, 32, 100, 105, 118, 105, 100, 101, 32, 110, 32, 98, 121, 32, 49, 48, 32, 58, 32, 113, 117, 111, 116, 105, 101, 110, 116, 32, 105, 110, 32, 114, 97, 120, 32, 40, 110, 101, 119, 32, 110, 41, 44, 32, 114, 101, 109, 97, 105, 110, 100, 101, 114, 32, 105, 110, 32, 114, 100, 120, 32, 40, 110, 101, 120, 116, 32, 100, 105, 103, 105, 116, 41, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 122, 120, 32, 114, 97, 120, 44, 32, 97, 108, 10, 9, 120, 111, 114, 32, 114, 100, 120, 44, 32, 114, 100, 120, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 99, 120, 44, 32, 49, 48, 10, 9, 100, 105, 118, 32, 114, 99, 120, 10, 10, 9, 59, 32, 115, 116, 111, 114, 101, 32, 100, 105, 103, 105, 116, 32, 97, 115, 32, 65, 83, 67, 73, 73, 32, 97, 116, 32, 98, 117, 102, 102, 101, 114, 91, 108, 101, 110, 93, 44, 32, 103, 114, 111, 119, 105, 110, 103, 32, 100, 111, 119, 110, 119, 97, 114, 100, 32, 102, 114, 111, 109, 32, 114, 98, 112, 45, 56, 10, 9, 97, 100, 100, 32, 100, 108, 44, 32, 39, 48, 39, 10, 9, 108, 101, 97, 32, 114, 57, 44, 32, 91, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 56, 93, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 101, 99, 120, 44, 32, 91, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 52, 93, 10, 9, 115, 117, 98, 32, 114, 57, 44, 32, 114, 99, 120, 9, 59, 32, 114, 57, 32, 61, 32, 38, 98, 117, 102, 102, 101, 114, 91, 108, 101, 110, 93, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 91, 114, 57, 93, 44, 32, 100, 108, 10, 10, 9, 105, 110, 99, 32, 100, 119, 111, 114, 100, 32, 91, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 52, 93, 10, 9, 106, 109, 112, 32, 46, 108, 111, 111, 112, 10, 10, 9, 46, 100, 111, 110, 101, 58, 10, 9, 59, 32, 98, 117, 102, 102, 101, 114, 32, 104, 111, 108, 100, 115, 32, 100, 105, 103, 105, 116, 115, 32, 108, 101, 97, 115, 116, 45, 115, 105, 103, 110, 105, 102, 105, 99, 97, 110, 116, 32, 102, 105, 114, 115, 116, 10, 9, 59, 32, 109, 111, 115, 116, 45, 115, 105, 103, 110, 105, 102, 105, 99, 97, 110, 116, 32, 100, 105, 103, 105, 116, 32, 105, 115, 32, 97, 116, 32, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 56, 32, 45, 32, 40, 108, 101, 110, 32, 45, 32, 49, 41, 32, 61, 32, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 55, 32, 45, 32, 108, 101, 110, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 101, 100, 120, 44, 32, 91, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 52, 93, 9, 59, 32, 101, 100, 120, 32, 61, 32, 108, 101, 110, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 101, 97, 120, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 100, 105, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 108, 101, 97, 32, 114, 115, 105, 44, 32, 91, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 55, 93, 10, 9, 115, 117, 98, 32, 114, 115, 105, 44, 32, 114, 100, 120, 9, 9, 59, 32, 114, 115, 105, 32, 61, 32, 114, 98, 112, 32, 45, 32, 55, 32, 45, 32, 108, 101, 110, 10, 9, 115, 121, 115, 99, 97, 108, 108, 10, 10, 9, 46, 101, 110, 100, 58, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 115, 112, 44, 32, 114, 98, 112, 10, 9, 112, 111, 112, 32, 114, 98, 112, 10, 9, 114, 101, 116, 10, 10, 95, 115, 116, 97, 114, 116, 58, 10, 9, 112, 117, 115, 104, 32, 114, 49, 52, 59, 32, 105, 110, 116, 32, 105, 10, 9, 112, 117, 115, 104, 32, 114, 49, 51, 10, 9, 120, 111, 114, 32, 114, 49, 52, 44, 32, 114, 49, 52, 32, 59, 32, 105, 32, 61, 32, 48, 10, 10, 9, 46, 108, 111, 111, 112, 58, 10, 9, 59, 32, 105, 102, 32, 105, 32, 62, 32, 115, 114, 99, 95, 108, 101, 110, 10, 9, 99, 109, 112, 32, 114, 49, 52, 44, 32, 115, 114, 99, 95, 108, 101, 110, 10, 9, 106, 103, 101, 32, 46, 100, 111, 110, 101, 32, 59, 32, 98, 114, 101, 97, 107, 59, 10, 10, 9, 59, 114, 49, 51, 32, 61, 32, 97, 100, 100, 114, 32, 111, 102, 32, 115, 114, 99, 32, 43, 32, 105, 10, 9, 108, 101, 97, 32, 114, 49, 51, 44, 32, 91, 114, 101, 108, 32, 115, 114, 99, 93, 10, 9, 97, 100, 100, 32, 114, 49, 51, 44, 32, 114, 49, 52, 10, 9, 10, 9, 99, 109, 112, 32, 98, 121, 116, 101, 32, 91, 114, 49, 51, 93, 44, 32, 49, 50, 54, 10, 9, 106, 101, 32, 46, 101, 115, 99, 97, 112, 101, 10, 10, 10, 9, 59, 32, 119, 114, 105, 116, 101, 32, 49, 44, 32, 114, 49, 51, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 101, 97, 120, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 100, 105, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 115, 105, 44, 32, 114, 49, 51, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 100, 120, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 115, 121, 115, 99, 97, 108, 108, 10, 9, 106, 109, 112, 32, 46, 110, 101, 120, 116, 95, 98, 121, 116, 101, 10, 10, 9, 46, 101, 115, 99, 97, 112, 101, 58, 10, 9, 112, 117, 115, 104, 32, 114, 49, 50, 10, 9, 120, 111, 114, 32, 114, 49, 50, 44, 32, 114, 49, 50, 32, 59, 32, 106, 32, 61, 32, 48, 10, 9, 46, 101, 95, 108, 111, 111, 112, 58, 10, 9, 99, 109, 112, 32, 114, 49, 50, 44, 32, 115, 114, 99, 95, 108, 101, 110, 10, 9, 106, 103, 101, 32, 46, 101, 115, 99, 97, 112, 101, 95, 101, 110, 100, 10, 10, 9, 108, 101, 97, 32, 114, 97, 120, 44, 32, 91, 114, 101, 108, 32, 115, 114, 99, 93, 10, 9, 97, 100, 100, 32, 114, 97, 120, 44, 32, 114, 49, 50, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 97, 108, 44, 32, 91, 114, 97, 120, 93, 10, 9, 99, 97, 108, 108, 32, 112, 114, 105, 110, 116, 95, 110, 117, 109, 98, 101, 114, 10, 10, 9, 105, 110, 99, 32, 114, 49, 50, 10, 9, 99, 109, 112, 32, 114, 49, 50, 44, 32, 115, 114, 99, 95, 108, 101, 110, 10, 9, 106, 103, 101, 32, 46, 101, 115, 99, 97, 112, 101, 95, 101, 110, 100, 10, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 101, 97, 120, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 100, 105, 44, 32, 49, 10, 9, 108, 101, 97, 32, 114, 115, 105, 44, 32, 91, 114, 101, 108, 32, 115, 101, 112, 93, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 114, 100, 120, 44, 32, 50, 10, 9, 115, 121, 115, 99, 97, 108, 108, 10, 10, 9, 106, 109, 112, 32, 46, 101, 95, 108, 111, 111, 112, 10, 9, 46, 101, 115, 99, 97, 112, 101, 95, 101, 110, 100, 58, 10, 9, 112, 111, 112, 32, 114, 49, 50, 10, 10, 9, 46, 110, 101, 120, 116, 95, 98, 121, 116, 101, 58, 10, 9, 105, 110, 99, 32, 114, 49, 52, 32, 59, 32, 43, 43, 105, 10, 9, 106, 109, 112, 32, 46, 108, 111, 111, 112, 10, 10, 9, 46, 100, 111, 110, 101, 58, 10, 9, 109, 111, 118, 32, 101, 97, 120, 44, 32, 54, 48, 32, 59, 32, 83, 89, 83, 95, 101, 120, 105, 116, 10, 9, 120, 111, 114, 32, 101, 100, 105, 44, 32, 101, 100, 105, 32, 59, 32, 99, 111, 100, 101, 32, 61, 32, 48, 10, 9, 115, 121, 115, 99, 97, 108, 108, 10 src_len: equ $ - src sep: db ", " zero_str: db "0" section .text ;void putnumber(uint8_t n) ;{ ; char buffer[3]; ; int len; ; int i; ; ; if (n == 0) ; { ; write(1, "0", 1); ; return ; ; } ; len = 0; ; while (n > 0) ; { ; buffer[len] = (n % 10); ;buffer[len] += '0' ; n /= 10; ; len++; ; } ; i = len - 1; ; write(1, &buffer[i], len); print_number: push rbp mov rbp, rsp sub rsp, 16 ; al = n (input, uint8_t) ; [rbp - 4] = len (dword) ; [rbp - 8] = buffer[0] units digit (stored first) ; [rbp - 9] = buffer[1] tens digit ; [rbp - 10] = buffer[2] hundreds digit cmp al, 0 jne .e_write_0 ; n == 0 : write "0" and return mov eax, 1 mov rdi, 1 lea rsi, [rel zero_str] mov rdx, 1 syscall jmp .end .e_write_0: mov dword [rbp - 4], 0 ; len = 0 .loop: cmp al, 0 jz .done ; break if al == 1 ; divide n by 10 : quotient in rax (new n), remainder in rdx (next digit) movzx rax, al xor rdx, rdx mov rcx, 10 div rcx ; store digit as ASCII at buffer[len], growing downward from rbp-8 add dl, '0' lea r9, [rbp - 8] mov ecx, [rbp - 4] sub r9, rcx ; r9 = &buffer[len] mov [r9], dl inc dword [rbp - 4] jmp .loop .done: ; buffer holds digits least-significant first ; most-significant digit is at rbp - 8 - (len - 1) = rbp - 7 - len mov edx, [rbp - 4] ; edx = len mov eax, 1 mov rdi, 1 lea rsi, [rbp - 7] sub rsi, rdx ; rsi = rbp - 7 - len syscall .end: mov rsp, rbp pop rbp ret _start: push r14; int i push r13 xor r14, r14 ; i = 0 .loop: ; if i > src_len cmp r14, src_len jge .done ; break; ;r13 = addr of src + i lea r13, [rel src] add r13, r14 cmp byte [r13], 126 je .escape ; write 1, r13, 1 mov eax, 1 mov rdi, 1 mov rsi, r13 mov rdx, 1 syscall jmp .next_byte .escape: push r12 xor r12, r12 ; j = 0 .e_loop: cmp r12, src_len jge .escape_end lea rax, [rel src] add rax, r12 mov al, [rax] call print_number inc r12 cmp r12, src_len jge .escape_end mov eax, 1 mov rdi, 1 lea rsi, [rel sep] mov rdx, 2 syscall jmp .e_loop .escape_end: pop r12 .next_byte: inc r14 ; ++i jmp .loop .done: mov eax, 60 ; SYS_exit xor edi, edi ; code = 0 syscall